Synthesis and Characterization of Zn(Tpp) and Cu(Tpp)

Synthesis and Characterization of Zn(TPP) and Cu(TPP) Complexes 1 Project Summary The overall goal of the project is to synthesize two metalloporhyrins, (Tetraphenylporphyrinato)zinc(II) and (Tetraphenylporphyrinato)copper(II). Because metalloporphyrins occur naturally in hemoglobin and chlorophyll, their study has implications in synthesizing human blood as well as utilizing its ability to convert visible light to energy. In addition to these two applications, metalloporhyrins are utilized in supramolecular studies, are being researched for potential photodynamic therapy, and are used in building electronics on the molecular scale. While Zinc and Copper may not be the basis of chlorophyll or hemoglobin, by studying any metalloporhyrin,†¦show more content†¦Due to its highly conjugated structure, hematoporphyrin absorbs most strongly at around 640 nm, a wavelength that penetrates deeply into living tissue. Newer photodynamic therapy agents, including others based around porphyrin, absorb between 650-850 nm, thus allowing for deeper penetr ation of activating radiation into tissues.4 According to a study by Wormald et al.,5 another 3 porphyrin-based compound, known commercially as verteporfin, also shows promise in the treatment of macular degeneration by selectively halting the growth of harmful blood vessels under the retina. The photochemical and optical properties of porphyrin compounds have also made them a target of research in the field of molecular electronics. One goal of this research has been to produce improved optoelectronic devices such as photovoltaic cells, OLEDs and OFETs by imitating the early steps of photosynthesis. 3 The high thermal and photostabilities of porphyrin compounds also contribute to their appeal in the field of material science. Supramolecular structures of porphyrin compounds have also been studied for their electrical properties, and have been used to build nanoarchitectures and molecular assemblies ranging in length from several nanometers to the millimeter scale.1 This particular project focuses on two metalloporphyrins: (Tetraphenylporphyrinato)zinc(II) (Zn(TPP)) and (Tetra phenylporphyrinato)copper(II) (Cu(TPP)). Energy transfer in systems consisting of zinc

Panopticisim and the Social Institution of Religion...

Religion can be described as a social institution built up around the idea of a supernatural being or beings, and the relation of human beings to them. In addition, religion provides individuals a belief to which they understand their existence as well network of emotional support during times of distress. Moreover, religious institutions provide individuals a proper perspective of life and establish values. Religion involves three major aspects: A conception of the nature and character of divinity (2) A set of principles concerning the duties and obligations between divinity and humanity. (3) A set of behavior patterns designed to conform to God’s will (Thorman, 154). The theme of panopticisim is to assert and maintain power by being†¦show more content†¦According to Protestant theology the bible is a holy scripture, being Gods own Word, written by men prepared and by His Spirit. It is to be believed, as Gods instruction, in all that it affirms, obeyed, as Gods comma nd, in all that it requires; embraced, as Gods pledge, in all that it promises. The ideology of the bible being solely verbally God-given, Scripture is without error or fault in all its teaching. (Wisse 476) God is deemed perfect there are not flaws in his teachings. The bible sets principles that individuals must follow. The main laws in the bible are stated in the Ten Commandments: 1. Thou shalt have no other gods before me. 2. Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image, or any likeness of any thing that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth. 3. Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain 4. Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy. 5. Honour thy mother and thy father 6. Thou shalt not kill. 7. Thou shalt not commit adultery. 8. Thou shalt not steal. 9. Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour. 10. Thou shalt not covet Furthermore, Christians do not commit sins based on their belief that God is always watching them. In addition, priests, nuns, and other members of the clergy that could be watching them at any moment. Moreover, Christians refrain from committing sin in fear that they will become not allowed to enter heaven, and sent to hell ifShow MoreRelatedWhat is a Social Order?2162 Words   |  9 PagesSocial Order A social order may be defined as the consequence of any set of moral norms that regulates the way in which persons pursue objectives. The set of norms does not specify the objectives the participants are to seek, nor the pattern formed by and through the coordination or integration of these ends, but merely the modes of seeking them. Traffic rules and the consequent traffic order provide an obvious example. Any social system or any game may be viewed quite properly as an instance

Ideologies and How They Impact Policy Making free essay sample

It extends into an assessment of the existing state of social and economic affairs, and a political strategy for shifting from one to another (Eichbaum amp; Shaw, 2008). Social issues, and the way in which policies are created and explained, will be shaped by the values and ideas of those who have the most political influence on society at the time. These ideas are commonly grouped into political ideologies. Political ideologies are the groups of ideas and ethical values, based on the core behind, and the solution for, social and economic problems (Duncan, 2007). They are both normative and politically motivated. Political ideologies are normative in the sense that they hold values about human nature and how society should live their lives, and politically motivated in being supported by political interests (Duncan, 2007). Political parties base their actions and policy making on the ideology they have adopted. The two main ideologies shown through New Zealand policy are neo-liberalism, and social democracy. There is a political distinction drawn between these two ideologies, left and right-wing parties. The right-wing party National, implements their policies under a neo-liberal ideology. The more left-wing party Labour, implements their policy under a more social democratic group of ideas. Neo-liberalism promotes the value of a free market, individualism, and a minimal state. To neo-liberalists, a free market is best for economic growth and distributes wealth fairly. An individual is better off by means of their own efforts, and satisfying their own needs. This then develops the capability to trade with others, which is an important idea of the neo-liberal ideology (Belgrave, Cheyne, amp; O’Brien, 2008). By leaving individuals to their own needs doesn’t distribute wealth fairly in the end as not all individuals are the same. Individualism or freedom means that citizens care for their own needs, as they are the only ones who make the best decisions. The exercise of individual freedom in relation to private property is an important part of the neo-liberal ideology, and the state should do as much as possible to ensure this freedom is not restricted (Belgrave, Cheyne, amp; O’Brien, 2008). In a neo-liberal view, this freedom is often referred to as negative freedom, opposing the social democratic view of positive freedom. Neo-liberalists don’t see policy as distinct from economic policy. This is because under the ideology of a neo-liberal idea, if you get economic policies right then social policy should follow. Neo-liberalists also believe in having a minimal state. A state should only focus on the core actions such as policy making and the courts. The state has a responsibility to ensure that laws which are put in place to allow the market to operate more effectively are applied in a way that prescribes no discrimination (Braman, 2003). The overall aim of neo-liberalism is to reduce the size of government in economic and social life. Neo-liberalism has had the greatest impact on public policy in New Zealand over the past 20 years. An example of this ideology in policy making in New Zealand history would be The National party in the 1990’s. National significantly reduced the state’s role in the labour market, and introduced markets in public housing and education. A more recent example is the current National government and their benefits policy. In 2008 National focussed on getting beneficiaries into employment. National’s leader John Key announced that they were committing to a benefit policy that would act as a safety net, but encourage beneficiaries to go out and source other forms of income (Key, 2008). This is a neo-liberal idea in the sense of having minimal state intervention. The plan to put in place a tax system that encourages people to work hard and not rely on the welfare state, and the continuing of shrinking the size of government sees that the future intentions of the current National party is going to carry on down a neo-liberal road (Key, 2008). Social democracy is a political ideology which embraces both socialism and liberalism (Belgrave, Cheyne, amp; O’Brien, 2008). It is not a tightly sealed set of political values and beliefs, but a set of several. Social democracy contrasts with the ideology of neo-liberalism by identifying market failure rather than government intervention (Eichbaum amp; Shaw, 2008); this is why it stands for a balance between market and the state. Its main values lie more within the socialist belief, but it highlights a key liberal view on individualism and individual freedom (Eichbaum, 2006). Social democracy regulates certain areas of economic activity, and develops the operation of the welfare state. This reinforces the key idea behind social democracy of everyone being of equal opportunity (Duncan, 2007). The state has a role, and is used as an instrument of social change (Belgrave, Cheyne, amp; O’Brien, 2008), and this is the general view that social democrats have of the state. They acknowledge that inequality and capitalism exist, and this justifies the need of a welfare state. The welfare state is the key instrument for guaranteeing wellbeing. Social policy is concerned with particular areas of public goods, which are those that are supplied to citizens in need or dependent. Education, health, housing, and income support are examples of these (Belgrave, Cheyne, amp; O’Brien, 2008). Redistribution of wealth and opportunity is a desirable purpose, and the outcome of this policy should end in a more unified society (Belgrave, Cheyne, amp; O’Brien, 2008). Social democratic policies would not have lasted very long without an economic theory to explain them. Failure of the classic neo-liberal economic policy which was based on self-equilibrating markets, in the era of the Great Depression, allowed British economist John Maynard Keynes to then proposed the Keynesian theory. For an economy to reach a point of equilibrium – where demand equals supply, it needs to be helped along the way and will not accomplish this if left to its own devices (Belgrave, Cheyne, amp; O’Brien, 2008). Keynes suggested that to reach the right equilibrium governments need to put money into the economy when needed, which will result in growth and higher employment (Eichbaum amp; Shaw, 2008). Full employment was the objective of Keynesian economics and this was important to the welfare objectives of a social democratic state (Duncan, 2007). Higher employment then boosts demand so the cycle can then continue. Overall this showed that it was ok to provide welfare. Some benefits are universal, but this doesn’t mean we all would have to use it (Eichbaum amp; Shaw, 2008). This connects to the social democratic ideology of having an equal balance between the market and the state. In New Zealand, the Labour party’s ideology of social democracy influences the way they construct policies. Labour’s ideological backgrounds are visible in the basics set out in its constitution. The principals are underlining the facts that resources in New Zealand are there to benefit all equally, and in economic relation, there should be a fair distribution of wealth and opportunity (Eichbaum amp; Shaw, 2008). In the early years Labour introduced a series of measures which have become fundamentals of New Zealand society and culture. In 1935, for the first time, healthcare became affordable and accessible to all. The 40 hour week was also introduced and this benefited workers, as well as reducing unemployment (Belgrave, Cheyne, amp; O’Brien, 2008). This is a very social democratic value of equality and equal distribution. On more recent terms, the 5th Labour Government lead by Helen Clark still produced policies reflecting social democratic ideas. The party committed to supporting families as best they could, with funding going towards achieving the best education and health systems available (About Labour, 2008). Labour also drove towards supporting older New Zealanders and valuing the importance of Maori, Pasifika, Asian, and anyone else who called New Zealand home. These policies relate hugely to the idea of equality and fair distribution, which are fundamental values of social democracy. Labours adopted political ideology impacts the way they have made policy in the past, and still impacts their policy making today. These two political ideologies prove through New Zealand history and past political structure, that ideologies have a big impact on policy making. The policies implemented by National have been driven by the values and ideas of neo-liberalism. These policies focussed around reducing the size of government and therefore having a minimal state. Labours policies are drawn from the social democrat ideas. Social democracy is aimed at applying the values of equality, redistribution, and social responsibility (Eichbaum amp; Shaw, 2008). The Labour party focuses their policies around equalising wealth and opportunity, and supporting the range of citizens in this country equally. In conclusion, this shows how policy making is implemented through the ideologies.

Tony Liang 6th period Essays - Economy, Petroleum Politics

Tony Liang 6th period The World's Greatest Con As Americans, we take great pride for living in a democratic society, free of government tyranny. In fact, the United States values such ideologies to a point that we would take matters into our own hands when there are oppressive regimes commit crimes that us, westerners view as inhumane and unethical -- whether it's through military intervention or economic sanctions. America is the world's premier superpower, hence we feel there is a certain obligation that we should be the "police of the world" and enforce rules that we believe to be right. This is extremely ironic; for the United States has a long history of installing dictators in countries where there is economic or social-political interest. One of our closest allies, Saudi Arabia, is one of the few remaining monarchs with absolute power, but we turn a blind eye, even though we acknowledge that fact that many of the citizens there do not have the basic human rights such as freedom of speech and women not having the equal rights as men. The Saudi regime even committed genocide to Shia muslims, a minority groups. In current day society, we view such immense atrocities as a thing in the past, but it is still common dilemma humanity has yet to solve. Most people are unaware of this, not because we're ignorant, but because news corporations in the United States, which are owned by extremely rich and powerful individuals, and are often in shady cahoots with various governments that simply do not want us to know. The relationship between the America and Saudi Arabia is ver y straightforward. The US provides military assistance and helps Saudi Arabia become the dominate power in the Middle East through intentionally causing turmoil in the region; in return the Saudi's help the US straggle it's enemies by opposing sanctions and not selling oil to them. As a matter of fact, some serious under-the-table deals are going on right now. Oil prices have plunged nearly 50% since this June, to around 57 dollars per barrel. Many may believe this is due simple laws of economics in effect, where there is not enough demand and too much supply. But coincidentally, the United State's former Cold War enemy and current threat(at least that's what our government wants us to believe), Russia, is experiencing a free-fall of their currency to an all time low. It is a well known fact that oil and natural gas is the backbone and livelihood of the Russian economy. Another so-called threat is Iran, also having its economy directly tied with oil revenues, is also being targeted. Currently, there are some high profile talks on Russia's intervention in Ukraine and Iran's nuclear program. The big picture is extremely clear now. The US wants to attack its enemies where it hurts the most. What better way to do it than to cut off oil revenue from OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries). This is a political move is directly aimed to validating the US as the supreme power. You might be thinking, isn't the US a major exporter of oil? So why would it shoot itself in the foot? And how does being a "superpower" really benefit the US. The answer is simple. Money. To be specific, US currency. The US currency is the worlds default currency, hence lets say China wants to import some maple syrup from Canada. To complete this business deal, they would have to exchange their currency to dollars and the transaction proceeds. Thus giving the US dollar massive artificial value and demand. This is extremely beneficial for America. Not only does this allow us to buy cheap goods from developing countries, but it also establishes "trust" and "reliance" on the US dollar, hence many people think US currency is a "safe" investment. This makes our debt extremely cheap, somewhere close to 0, which in turn fuel our unsustainable standard of living. After the the US dollar rating dropped from AAA rating, our debt has actually gotten cheaper. Because Europe is on the verge o f financial breakdown, the Middle East is in great turmoil, and China's double digit growth figures is running out of steam. One Russian women